Identifying Levels of Evidence

Berthelsen, C. B., & Kristensson, J. (2015). Spouses’ involvement in older patients’ fast-track programmes during total hip replacement using case management intervention. A study protocol of the SICAM-trial (PDF). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(5), 1169–1180. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/jan.12602

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Based on your answer

Correct, this is a quasi-experimental study: control & intervention groups but no randomization

Based on answering correctly

Correct, this is a quasi-experimental study: control & intervention groups but no randomization

Results for question 2.

2 / 2 points

Griffioen, M. A. et al. (2017). Acute pain characteristics in patients with and without chronic pain following lower extremity injuryLinks to an external site.. Pain Management Nursing, 18(1), 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2016.10.002

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Based on your answer

Correct Non-experimental descriptive study – no control group, no intervention, no randomization

Based on answering correctly

Correct Non-experimental descriptive study – no control group, no intervention, no randomization

Results for question 3.

2 / 2 points

Manworren, R. C. B. (2015). Multimodal Pain Management and the Future of a Personalized Medicine Approach to Pain. Journal of the Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN J), 101, 308–314. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aorn.2014.12.009

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Level 4

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Based on your answer

Correct, this is level four evidence; It includes advice for strategies that promote patient & public safety based on currently accepted standards of care & nationally accepted assessment tools

Based on answering correctly

Correct, this is level four evidence; It includes advice for strategies that promote patient & public safety based on currently accepted standards of care & nationally accepted assessment tools

Results for question 4.

2 / 2 points

4. Thomas, Thomas, M. L., Elliott, J. E., Rao, S. M., Fahey, K. F., Paul, S. M., & Miaskowski, C. (2012). A randomized, clinical trial of education or motivational-interviewing–based coaching compared to usual care to improve cancer pain managementLinks to an external site.. Oncology Nursing Forum, 39(1), 39–49.

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Based on your answer

Correct, this is a level one study, a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) – Experimental study with control & intervention groups & randomization

Based on answering correctly

Correct, this is a level one study, a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) – Experimental study with control & intervention groups & randomization

5. Vogel, N. P., Appel, S. J., and Winker, G. (2018). Improving HPV vaccination rates among young males in rural area of the United States. The Nurse Practitioner, 43(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NPR.0000527572.74477.a5

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Level 5

JHEBP Levels of Evidence Overview

Level I
Experimental study

Includes:

  • randomized controlled trial (RCT)
  • Systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysis

Level II
Quasi-experimental Study

Includes:

  • Systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.

Level III
Non-experimental study

Includes:

  • Systematic review of a combination of RCTs, quasi-experimental and non-experimental, or non-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.
  • Qualitative study or systematic review, with or without meta-analysis

Level IV
Opinion of respected authorities and/or nationally recognized expert committees/consensus panels based on scientific evidence.

Includes:

  • Clinical practice guidelines
  • Consensus panels

 

Level V
Based on experiential and non-research evidence.

Includes:

  • Literature reviews
  • Quality improvement, program, or financial evaluation
  • Case reports
  • Opinion of nationally recognized expert(s) based on experiential evidence
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