Scenario 1: Schizophrenia
A 22-year-old female student was brought to her college student health department by her boyfriend. He was concerned about the changes in her behavior. The boyfriend noted that she has been hearing voices, and seeing things that are not there. She also thinks that there are people that want to harm her. She told her family that she cannot finish college as the voices told her to quit because she is “dumb”. The boyfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying.
PMH: noncontributory
FH: positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”.
SH: Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during junior and senior years of high school. Admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses.
PE: thin, anxious disheveled female who, during conversations, stops talking, tilts her head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is disjointed.
DIAGOSIS: schizophrenia.
Questions
1. What are known characteristics of schizophrenia and relate those to this patient.
Hallucinations are one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and they may take many forms, including Request Unlock auditory, olfactory, somatic-tactile, visual, and voice commenting or chatting. Delusions, such as the illusion of control, the hallucination of mind reading, the delusion of reference, the delusion of grandiosity, guilt, persecuting thoughts, somatic thought broadcasting, thought insertion and thought withdrawal, are also good signs. Aggression and agitation, changes in personal hygiene, a narrow worldview, and dysfunctional social and sexual interactions are all symptoms of a mental health illness.
The patient in this situation is 22 years old, which is consistent with the typical age of onset for schizophrenia (late teens to early twenties). The condition runs in the family of mental disorders for which there is a family history. Both visual and auditory hallucinations are plaguing the learner. Additionally, she is acting paranoid, agitated, and strangely. The patient appears disoriented and cannot care for themselves or maintain eye contact.
Scenario 1: Schizophrenia
A 22-year-old female student was brought to her college student health department by her boyfriend. He was concerned about the changes in her behavior. The boyfriend noted that she has been hearing voices, and seeing things that are not there. She also thinks that there are people that want to harm her. She told her family that she cannot finish college as the voices told her to quit because she is “dumb”. The boyfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying.
PMH: noncontributory
FH: positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”.
SH: Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during junior and senior years of high school. Admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses.
PE: thin, anxious disheveled female who, during conversations, stops talking, tilts her head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is disjointed.
DIAGOSIS: schizophrenia.
Question:
1. Genetics are sometimes attached to schizophrenia explain this.
Several factors contribute to the genetic link between schizophrenia and its onset. This is a genetic illness that runs in families. Compared to mendelian disorders, in which mutations Request Unlock in a single gene are thought to be responsible for disease development, schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving multiple genes on multiple chromosomes. Someone can possess a disease gene without experiencing the sickness itself. Alterations in normal brain architecture and functions may also be caused by environmental variables that counteract the effects of genetic programming. Brain structure anomalies in schizophrenia have been uncovered using cutting-edge neuroimaging techniques. Possible novel gene associations could be uncovered through studies of protein interaction.
Scenario 1: Schizophrenia
A 22-year-old female student was brought to her college student health department by her boyfriend. He was concerned about the changes in her behavior. The boyfriend noted that she has been hearing voices, and seeing things that are not there. She also thinks that there are people that want to harm her. She told her family that she cannot finish college as the voices told her to quit because she is “dumb”. The boyfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying.
PMH: noncontributory
FH: positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”.
SH: Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during junior and senior years of high school. Admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses.
PE: thin, anxious disheveled female who, during conversations, stops talking, tilts her head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is disjointed.
DIAGOSIS: schizophrenia.
Question:
What roles do neurotransmitters play in the development of schizophrenia?
It was long thought that abnormally high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain caused the start of Request Unlock schizophrenia, providing more evidence that neurotransmitters play a role in the disorder’s development. Schizophrenia, according to the current dopamine theory, results from various changes to the brain’s dopamine circuits. Reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission in the mesocortical dopamine pathway has been linked to the unpleasant symptoms and cognitive impairments seen in schizophrenia. The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and its effects on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype are also linked to schizophrenia.
Scenario 1: Schizophrenia
A 22-year-old female student was brought to her college student health department by her boyfriend. He was concerned about the changes in her behavior. The boyfriend noted that she has been hearing voices, and seeing things that are not there. She also thinks that there are people that want to harm her. She told her family that she cannot finish college as the voices told her to quit because she is “dumb”. The boyfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying.
PMH: noncontributory
FH: positive for a first cousin who “had mental problems”.
SH: Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during junior and senior years of high school. Admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses.
PE: thin, anxious disheveled female who, during conversations, stops talking, tilts her head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is disjointed.
DIAGOSIS: schizophrenia.
Questions:
Explain what structural abnormalities are seen in people with schizophrenia.
Enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and frontocortical fissures and Request Unlock sulci are among the structural abnormalities in persons with schizophrenia. The cognitive deficits and unpleasant feelings seen in some people with schizophrenia who also have cerebral ventricular enlargement make them resistant to therapy. The thalamus and temporal lobes are commonly found to be smaller in size. Another recurrent result is a reduction in hippocampal volume in the formative years. People with schizophrenia experience a rapid loss of hippocampal volume after age 50. Reduced amygdala volume, aberrant amygdala projections, and altered amygdala connections have all been associated with schizophrenia. The temporal lobes, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex all experience gradual loss of cortical gray matter in teenagers. Researchers think that alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) have a role in developing negative symptomatology in schizophrenia.
Scenario 2: Bipolar Disorder
A 44-year-old female came to the clinic today brought in by her husband. He notes that she has been with various states of depression and irritability over the past 3 months with extreme fatigue, has lost 20 pounds and has insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity.
DIAGNOSIS: bipolar type 2 disorder.
Question
1. How does genetics play in the development of bipolar 2 disorders?
Those who have a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder are more likely to acquire the disease themselves, highlighting the role that genetics plays in the onset of manic-depressive illness. There’s a strong genetic link there. Research into the defective gene or genes responsible for this significant heritability of mood disorders has gained momentum. Those with a first-degree relative who also has the illness have a higher probability of acquiring it.